P. Savarese, S. Bansal, M. G. Ammendola, R. Barboza, M. Salvatore, S. L. Oscurato, B. Piccirillo, F. Di Colandrea, L. Marrucci, F. Cardano; “Electrically tunable liquid-crystal metasurfaces with patterned birefringence and dichroism”. APL Photonics, 10 (May) 2025, 050802 (1-8). |
Abstract: Light propagation through artificially patterned anisotropic materials, such as dielectric metasurfaces, enables precise control of the spatio-vectorial properties of optical fields using highly transparent, thin, and flat optical elements. Liquid-crystal cells are a common realization of such devices. Optical losses are typically assumed to be polarization-independent and are therefore often overlooked in modeling these systems. In this work, we introduce electrically tunable liquid-crystal metasurfaces with patterned birefringence and dichroism, achieved by incorporating dichroic dye molecules into the liquid-crystal mixture. These dye molecules align with the liquid crystal, effectively coupling birefringence and dichroism effects. The behavior of these metasurfaces is described using non-unitary Jones matrices, validated through polarimetric measurements. In the case of devices that are patterned to form polarization gratings, we also characterize the diffraction efficiency as a function of the dichroism and birefringence parameters, which can be tuned jointly by applying an electric field across the cell. This study not only introduces a new class of optical components but also deepens our understanding of light propagation through anisotropic materials, where dichroism can naturally arise from bulk material properties or from reflection and transmission laws at their interfaces. |
Regina Del Sole, Chiara Lo Porto, Roberto Comparelli, Maria Lucia Curri, Gianni Barucca, Francesco Nocito, Mariachiara Bianco, Tommaso R.I. Cataldi, Francesco Fracassi, Antonella Milella, Fabio Palumbo Plasma Deposition of Hybrid Nanocomposite Coatings from Aerosol Containing TiO2 and AgNO3 Applied Surface Science, 709, 163793 (2025) |
Abstract: TiO2 nanocomposites are widely studied for the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. Coupling TiO2, an n-type semiconductor, with an electron-sink co-catalyst effectively reduces electron-hole recombination, thereby enhancing photocatalytic efficiency. In this study, photoactive nanocomposite coatings were developed for the first time by depositing TiO2 nanoparticles and AgNO3 in various ratios within a siloxane matrix via aerosol-assisted atmospheric pressure plasma deposition. The photocatalytic activity of these coatings was assessed by monitoring the discoloration of a solution of methylene blue under UV irradiation (λ = 254 nm) using UV–Vis spectroscopy, with recyclability tested over three cycles. The chemical composition, structure, and morphology have been also assessed. The beneficial effect of the silver addition was more evident for coatings deposited with a low amount of TiO2. Moreover, repeated use of the photocatalytic coatings led to enhanced performance, due to partial matrix degradation and photoreduction of Ag(I) to Ag(0), as confirmed by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. |
Francesco Offi, Francesco Borgatti, Pasquale Orgiani, Vincent Polewczyk, Sandeep Kumar Chaluvadi, Shyni Punathum Chalil, Alexander Petrov, Federico Motti, Gian Marco Pierantozzi, Giancarlo Panaccione, Bogdan Rutkowski, Paolo Mengucci, Gianni Barucca, Deepnarayan Biswas, Tien-Lin Lee, Emiliano Marchetti, Alberto Martinelli, Davide Peddis and Gaspare Varvaro Exploring Interfacial Magnetism in All-Spinel Fe3O4/MgCr2O4/Fe3O4 Epitaxial Heterostructures Nanoscale 17, 15308-15318 (2025) |
Abstract: Epitaxial heterostructures integrating thin Fe3O4 films hold great potential for spintronics, magnetoionics, and multifunctional device development. In this work, the morpho-structural and magnetic properties of all-spinel Fe3O4/MgCr2O4/Fe3O4 trilayers grown on an MgCr2O4 buffer layer, exhibiting very close lattice matching, were investigated using both surface- and bulk-sensitive techniques. The close lattice match between Fe3O4 and MgCr2O4 enables the growth of epitaxial heterostructures with magnetically decoupled Fe3O4 layers for spacer thicknesses of ≥1.6 nm, while reducing the formation of antiphase boundaries. Despite localized interphase diffusion, which leads to the formation of a mixed Cr/Fe spinel oxide with magnetically polarized Cr ions at the Fe3O4/MgCr2O4 interfaces, the overall magnetic properties remain largely consistent with those of the individual Fe3O4 layers. This study sheds light on the magnetic interactions within Fe3O4 layers mediated by an MgCr2O4 spacer and demonstrates the feasibility of the approach in preserving the properties of thin Fe3O4 films in complex heterostructures, thus offering a promising pathway for designing advanced all-spinel oxide devices. |
Pierfrancesco Maltoni, Gaspare Varvaro, Nader Yaacoub, Gianni Barucca, Jean Pierre Miranda-Murillo, Jeyhuna Tirabzonlu, Sara Laureti, Dino Fiorani, Roland Mathieu, Alexander Omelyanchik, Davide Peddis. Structural and Magnetic Properties of CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles in an α-Fe2O3 matrix. J. Phys. Chem. C, 129, 1, 591–599 (2025) |
Abstract: CoFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) of ∼5 nm have been synthesized by the polyol method and subsequently used as seeds in a sol–gel process to prepare a ferrimagnetic/antiferromagnetic CoFe2O4@α-Fe2O3 nanocomposite. During the formation of α-Fe2O3, the CoFe2O4 NPs form clusters embedded within the antiferromagnetic matrix. The combination of data collected by SQUID magnetometry and Mössbauer spectrometry, together with the structural data obtained from X-ray powder diffraction and transmission electron microscopy, allows us to get a complete picture of the complex nanocomposite system. We address the difficulties in synthesizing phase-pure α-Fe2O3 through sol–gel methods, emphasizing that obtaining a pure hematite phase free from contamination requires precise optimization of sintering conditions, which are not yet clearly defined in the current literature. The relationship between the growth of nanoparticles and the increase in coercivity is discussed as a result of the controlled chemical synthesis of the composite. Furthermore, a new feature emerges in the form of a magnetic bias, hinting at the superexchange coupling between the ferrimagnetic CoFe2O4 and antiferromagnetic α-Fe2O3 phases at their interface. |
Pierfrancesco Maltoni, Gianni Barucca, Bogdan Rutkowski, Sergey A. Ivanov, Nader Yaacoub, Anastasiia Mikheenkova, Gustav Ek, Mirva Eriksson, Bjarne Almqvist, Marianna Vasilakaki, Gaspare Varvaro, Tapati Sarkar, José A. De Toro, Kalliopi Trohidou, Davide Peddis, Roland Mathieu. Engineering Hard Ferrite Composites by Combining Nanostructuring and Al3+ Substitution: from Nano to Dense Bulk Magnets. Acta Materialia, 282, 120491 (2025) |
Abstract: We have investigated the bottom-up sol-gel synthesis of nanocomposite powders comprising two magnetic phases (hexagonal Sr ferrite and spinel Co ferrite) in order to outline a strategy to obtain permanent magnets with large coercivities via low-cost and scalable syntheses. The correlation between morphological, structural and macroscopic magnetic properties of Al-substituted SrFe12O19 and SrFe12O19/CoFe2O4 nanocomposites was analyzed in detail. The hysteretic behavior can be tuned by cation substitution and/or modulation of the super-exchange coupling at the interface of the constituting phases. The magnetic data, supported by Monte Carlo simulations, indicates enhanced magnetic coupling within the composite: this observation underscores the significance of soft crystallite size and epitaxial growth quality at the interface as key factors influencing super-exchange coupling strength, ranging from fully coupled to essentially decoupled composites. Bulk magnets with high density were manufactured by compacting these nanostructured phases using spark plasma sintering, without an applied magnetic field. Consolidation of powders significantly impacted magnetic properties, by increasing remanent magnetization and decreasing coercivity due to enhanced super-exchange coupling. The presence of two phases hindered reciprocal growth, influencing coercivity differently in various compositions. Overall, the compaction enhanced magnet performance through improved particle alignment and super-exchange coupling, offering the potential for optimized magnet design. |
Sagnik Ghosh, Pramod Rangaiah, Mustafa Aboulsaad, Sawssen Slimani, Johan Cedervall, Bagher Aslibeiki, Robin Augustine, Tomas Edvinsson, Gianni Barucca, Davide Peddis, Tapati Sarkar. Biphasic lithium iron oxide nanocomposites for enhancement in electromagnetic interference shielding properties. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 1010, 177017 (2025) |
Abstract: There is a great demand for efficient electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials due to exponential growth in wireless telecommunication devices. These devices emit electromagnetic radiation that can disrupt electronic devices, and cause health hazards. Therefore, it is crucial to develop materials that can shield devices and humans from exposure to electromagnetic radiation. In this context, nanocomposite materials offer huge advantages due to the dual possibility of tailoring the interfaces as well as using the complementary properties of magnetic and dielectric components in the nanocomposite to enhance the EMI shielding performance. This work shows that by a careful tuning of the synthesis parameters, we can grow biphasic lithium iron oxide (ferrimagnetic α-LiFe5O8 and paramagnetic α-LiFeO2) nanocomposite with different relative fractions of the two phases. The variation of the phase fraction and the simultaneous growth of the two phases allow us to control the interfaces between the two phases as well as the physical properties of the nanocomposite, which have a direct effect on the EMI shielding performance. Detailed structural (X-ray diffraction), compositional (Raman spectroscopy), and morphological (high-resolution transmission electron microscopy) characterization is presented to understand the effect of the synthesis conditions on the EMI shielding parameters. Improved dielectric and magnetic properties together with an increased number of interfaces in the sample with nearly equal amounts of the two phases results in the best performance. This work demonstrates the significant potential of using biphasic magnetic oxide nanocomposites with controllable interfaces and physical properties for EMI shielding, which can form the base for more complex triphasic systems in the future. |
Sara Lotito, Domenico Cignolo, Jennifer Gubitosa, Gianni Barucca, Paolo Mengucci, Marinella Striccoli, Fabio Palumbo, Pinalysa Cosma, Paola Fini, Sapia Murgolo, Vito Rizzi, Francesco Fracassi, Antonella Milella, Alberto Perrotta. Nanoengineering of Chitosan Sponges Via Atomic Layer Deposition of ZnO for Water Remediation Technologies Advanced Materials Interfaces, 12, 2400831 (2025) |
Abstract: Low-cost, millimeter-thick chitosan-based sponges are engineered with zinc oxide (ZnO) using atomic layer deposition (ALD) to create a multifunctional nanocomposite for the potential application in water remediation and self-regeneration via solid-state photocatalysis. Initially, non-porous chitosan films served as control samples to study the ZnO growth mechanism and its impact on the biopolymer’s optical and chemical properties. Subsequently, porous chitosan sponges are engineered to further explore the photocatalyst growth and infiltration into the porous matrix. The characterization of the chitosan/ZnO hybrid material is performed using spectroscopic ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV–vis, photoluminescence, and infrared spectroscopy, analyzing the effect of varying the number of ALD cycles, resulting in different ZnO thicknesses in the range of 5–30 nm on the chitosan matrix. A reaction-limited growth model is found and strong interactions between ZnO and chitosan amino groups significantly enhance the stability in water and impart photocatalytic features. Adsorption tests using Direct Blue 78 dye demonstrated high removal efficiency, with capacities up to 2000 mg g−1, surpassing pristine chitosan sponges, which degrade in water. Electrostatic interactions between dye sulfonate groups and protonated chitosan amino moieties are identified as key to this performance. Preliminary photocatalytic experiments using Naproxen confirms the ZnO-coated sponges’ ability to degrade pollutants, showcasing ALD as a key technology for producing bio-based, photoactive materials for sustainable water treatment. |
Tiziano Bellezze, Giuseppina Colaleo, Pasquale Contestabile, Pietro Forcellese, Simone Ranieri, Nicola Simoncini, Gianni Barucca, Cinzia Corinaldesi, Fabio Conversano, Oriano Francescangeli, Luigi Montalto, Michela Pisani, Simona Sabbatini, Francesco Vita, Diego Vicinanza, Antonio Dell’Anno, “Field Experiments of Mineral Deposition by Cathodic Polarization as a Sustainable Management Strategy for the Reuse of Marine Steel Structures”, Sustainability, 17, 5720, 2025, 1-22 |
Abstract: This paper presents field experiments of mineral deposition on steel, induced by cathodic polarization in natural seawater, as a sustainable strategy for the life extension of marine steel structures. Although this approach is quite well known, the ability of the mineral deposit to both protect steel from corrosion in the absence of a cathodic current, thus operating as an inorganic coating, and provide an effective substrate for colonization by microorganisms still needs to be fully explained. To this end, two identical steel structure prototypes were installed at a depth of 20 m: one was submitted to cathodic polarization, while the other was left under free corrosion for comparison. After 6 months, the current supplied to the electrified structure was interrupted. A multidisciplinary approach was used to analyze the deposits on steel round bars installed in the prototypes over time, in the presence and in the absence of a cathodic current. Different investigation techniques were employed to provide the following information on the deposit: the composition in terms of elements, compounds and macro-biofouling; the morphology; the thickness and the degree of protection estimated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The results showed that under cathodic polarization, the thickness of the deposit increased to 2.5 mm and then remained almost constant after the current was interrupted. Conversely, the surface impedance decreased from 3 kΩ cm2 to about 1.5 kΩ cm2 at the same time, and the aragonite–brucite ratio also decreased. This indicates a deterioration in the protection performance and soundness of the deposit, respectively. Considering the trends in thickness and impedance together, it can be concluded that the preformed mineral deposit does not undergo generalized deterioration after current interruption, which would result in a reduction in thickness, but rather localized degradation. This phenomenon was attributed to the burrowing action of marine organisms, which created porosities and/or capillary pathways through the deposit. Therefore, the corrosion protection offered by the mineral deposit without a cathodic current is insufficient because it loses its protective properties. However, the necessary current can be quite limited in the presence of the deposit, which in any case provides a suitable substrate for sustaining the colonization and growth of sessile marine organisms, thus promoting biodiversity. |
E. Blumenthal, A. Foglia, A. Piasentin, C. Andreola, A. L. Eusebi, N. Frison, F. Fatone, “Resource recovery strategies and schemes: A regional case study on sewage sludge hub centres in Italy”, Journal of Water Process Engineering, 73 (April), 2025, 107696 |
Abstract: The establishment of regional sludge treatment hubs has been proposed as a solution to achieve the necessary economic scale for sustainable resource recovery and safe reuse in non-metropolitan areas. However, existing literature provides limited insights into their sustainability and effectiveness, and inadequate legal frameworks often hinder efficient sludge treatment, leading to improper disposal and increased risks. This article addresses these gaps by evaluating the environmental impact of a centralised sludge treatment system through a real case study, highlighting the importance of selecting sewage sludge with minimal risks for centralised resource recovery and safe reuse, in line with the recent review of the Sewage Sludge Directive. Building on the Horizon 2020 SMART-Plant innovation action, a regional sludge hub has been designed to treat and valorise the sewage sludge from 52 municipalities in Treviso, serving around 500,000 residents. In the first phase, the potential for resource recovery and safe reuse was assessed by evaluating the long-term chemical and physical characteristics of the sewage sludge, while considering the replicability of this model. In the second phase, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was conducted to evaluate the environmental impact of various valorisation pathways, including composting, biogas production, phosphorus salts, and biopolymer (PHA) recovery. The final environmental impacts were normalised using the revised ReCiPe 2016 normalisation values. The results indicated that phosphorus and biopolymer recovery was the most sustainable scenario, reducing emissions by an amount equivalent to 176 individuals per day compared to the decentralised system. |
S. Gallegati, S. Bianchelli, F. Marcellini, R.G. Boschetto, A. Capriolo, C. Corinaldesi, G. Giorgi, R.A. Mascolo, E. Nepote, A. Sagrati, R. Danovaro, “Marine strategy framework directive: A comprehensive cost assessment for the Italian seas”, Marine Policy, Volume 179 (September), 2025, 10675 |
Abstract: In 2008, the EU launched the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) to protect European waters and achieve Good Environmental Status (GES) of marine ecosystems. The implementation of the strategy requires Member States to assess the costs associated with the realization of MSFD measures to determine their feasibility and cost-effectiveness. Here we conducted a comprehensive analysis along 8300 km of the Italian coastline, to provide a cost analysis of the 23 new measures proposed for the second cycle of MSFD implementation in Italy. We used “unit-transfer” methodology to estimate the costs of each measure, grouping them into three categories: a) prevention, b) management, and c) monitoring and control. The “management” group included 12 measures and accounted for 65 % of total costs, followed by the “monitoring and control” group (5 measures, 28 % of total costs) and the “prevention” group (5 measures, 7 % of total costs). One measure had a double goal, and its implementation was attributed both to “prevention” and “monitoring and control”. The cost of implementing all the measures in Italy is approximately € 1.5 billion (∼0.07 % of Italian GDP in 2023). These results provide, for the first time, comprehensive and detailed quantitative information useful for policy makers to enable efficient financial planning for future actions required to achieve the GES in marine ecosystems. The approach developed here could also serve as a standard framework for assessing the costs of future measures under the MSFD, providing a benchmark or a methodological term of reference for all interested EU Member States. |
S. Varrella, S. Livi, C. Corinaldesi, L. Castriota, T. Maggio, P. Vivona, M. Pindo, S. Fava, R. Danovaro, A. Dell’Anno, “A comprehensive assessment of non-indigenous species requires the combination of multi-marker eDNA metabarcoding with classical taxonomic identification”, Environment International, Volume 199 (May), 2025, 109489 |
Abstract: In marine environment, non-indigenous species (NIS) can alter natural habitats and cause biodiversity loss with important consequences for ecosystems and socio-economic activities. With more than 1000 NIS introduced over the last century, the Mediterranean Sea is one of the most threatened regions worldwide, requiring an early identification of newly entered alien species for a proper environmental management. Here, we carried out environmental-DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding analyses, using multiple molecular markers (i.e., 18S rRNA, COI, and rbcL) and different genetic databases (i.e., NCBI, PR2, SILVA, MIDORI2, MGZDB, and BOLD), on seawater and sediment samples collected on a seasonal basis in three Mediterranean ports located in the North Adriatic, Ionian and Tyrrhenian Sea to identify marine species, and particularly NIS. The use of the multi-marker eDNA metabarcoding allowed the identification of a higher number of species compared to the morphological analyses (1484 vs. 752 species), with a minor portion of species shared by both approaches. Overall, only 4 NIS were consistently identified by both morphological and molecular approaches, whereas 27 and 17 NIS were exclusively detected by using eDNA metabarcoding and classical taxonomic analyses, respectively. The eDNA metabarcoding allowed also identifying the genetic signatures of 5 NIS never reported in the Italian waters. We conclude that eDNA metabarcoding can represent a highly sensitive tool for the early identification of NIS, but a comprehensive census of the NIS requires the combination of molecular and morphological approaches. |
R. Danovaro, J. Aronson, S. Bianchelli, C. Boström, W. Chen, R. Cimino, C. Corinaldesi, J. Cortina-Segarra, P. D’Ambrosio, C. Gambi, J. Garrabou, A. Giorgetti, A. Grehan, A. Hannachi, L. Mangialajo, T. Morato, S. Orfanidis, N. Papadopoulou, E. Ramirez-Llodra, C. J. Smith, P. Snelgrove, J. van de Koppel, J. van Tatenhove, & S. Fraschetti, “Assessing the success of marine ecosystem restoration using meta-analysis”, Nature Communications 16 (March), 2025, 3062 |
Abstract: Marine ecosystem restoration success stories are needed to incentivize society and private enterprises to build capacity and stimulate investments. Yet, we still must demonstrate that restoration efforts can effectively contribute to achieving the targets set by the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration. Here, we conduct a meta-analysis on 764 active restoration interventions across a wide range of marine habitats worldwide. We show that marine ecosystem restorations have an average success of ~64% and that they are: viable for a large variety of marine habitats, including deep-sea ecosystems; highly successful for saltmarshes, tropical coral reefs and habitat-forming species such as animal forests; successful at all spatial scales, so that restoration over large spatial scales can be done using multiple interventions at small-spatial scales that better represent the natural variability, and scalable through dedicated policies, regulations, and financing instruments. Restoration interventions were surprisingly effective even in areas where human impacts persisted, demonstrating that successful restorations can be initiated before all stressors have been removed. These results demonstrate the immediate feasibility of a global ‘blue restoration’ plan even for deep-sea ecosystems, enabled by increasing availability of new and cost-effective technologies. |
L. Alessandrino, N. Colombani, A. Usai, M. Mastrocicco, “A Convergent Approach to Investigate the Environmental Behavior and Importance of a Man-Made Saltwater Wetland”, Remote Sensing, 17(12) (June), 2025, 2019 |
Abstract: Mediterranean saline wetlands are significant ecological habitats defined by seasonal water availability and various biological communities, forming a unique ecotone that combines traits of both freshwater and marine environments. Moreover, they are regarded as notable natural and economic resources. Since the sustainable management of protected wetlands necessitates a multidisciplinary approach, the purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive picture of the hydrological, hydrochemical, and ecological dynamics of a man-made groundwater dependent ecosystem (GDE) by combining remote sensing, hydrochemical data, geostatistical tools, and ecological indicators. The study area, called “Le Soglitelle”, is located in the Campania plain (Italy), which is close to the Domitian shoreline, covering a surface of 100 ha. The Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI), a remote sensing-derived index sensitive to surface water presence, from Sentinel-2 was used to detect changes in the percentage of the wetland inundated area over time. Water samples were collected in four campaigns, and hydrochemical indexes were used to investigate the major hydrochemical seasonal processes occurring in the area. Geostatistical tools, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and independent component analysis (ICA), were used to identify the main hydrochemical processes. Moreover, faunal monitoring using waders was employed as an ecological indicator. Seasonal variation in the inundation area ranged from nearly 0% in summer to over 50% in winter, consistent with the severe climatic oscillations indicated by SPEI values. PCA and ICA explained over 78% of the total hydrochemical variability, confirming that the area’s geochemistry is mainly characterized by the saltwater sourced from the artesian wells that feed the wetland. The concentration of the major ions is regulated by two contrasting processes: evapoconcentration in summer and dilution and water mixing (between canals and ponds water) in winter. Cl−/Br− molar ratio results corroborated this double seasonal trend. The base exchange index highlighted a salinization pathway for the wetland. Bird monitoring exhibited consistency with hydrochemical monitoring, as the seasonal distribution clearly reflects the dual behaviour of this area, which in turn augmented the biodiversity in this GDE. The integration of remote sensing data, multivariate geostatistical analysis, geochemical tools, and faunal indicators represents a novel interdisciplinary framework for assessing GDE seasonal dynamics, offering practical insights for wetland monitoring and management. |
M. Schiavo, N. Colombani, M. Mastrocicco, M. Petitta, “Stochastic assessment of groundwater PFAS concentrations in North-Eastern Italy”, Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, (June), 2025, 1-14 |
Abstract: Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and in particular their perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA), are among the most concerning sources of groundwater pollution, due to their persistence and to their negative effects on human health. Since 2013 the Regional Agency for Environmental Protection of the Veneto Region (North-Eastern Italy) systematically monitors groundwater PFAA concentrations at water-supply wells. The present work is the first stochastic assessment, based on real data, of spatially distributed hazardous areas ever made for this territory. A geostatistical variogram-based approach has been employed to appraise the spatial correlation of quality data, and stochastically simulated concentrations at a scale of 1 km2, through Sequential Gaussian Simulations. The results have been evaluated upon multiple hazardousness criteria, coming from exceeding threshold concentrations provided by the latest regulations defined by (i) the European Union, (ii) the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and (iii) the Veneto Region (Italy). Simulations’ results enabled the evaluation of best-estimated concentration spreads and the probability of exceeding EU, EPA, or Veneto Region limits. Moreover, the role of these regulation limits in delineating the spatial extension of probable over-threshold groundwater contaminated areas was evaluated. Only Verona and Vicenza provinces, located within the Adige and Brenta river basins, significantly exceed regulatory limits. Particularly high PFAA concentrations are estimated to occur in the aquifers underlying the medium-high reaches of the Adige, Brenta, and Agno-Guà-Frassine-Gorzone rivers. The soundness of the results and the methodological approach was supported by demonstrating the consistency of widespread contamination across the domain with groundwater flow directions inferred from the most recent numerical model available. This work provides an example of how to deal with PFAA groundwater contamination from a stochastic and probabilistic perspective through geostatistics and to spatially appraise groundwater contamination leveraging available data. |
M. Gaiolini, R. Acosta, E. Carol, N. Colombani, “Assessing the effects of ENSO-induced climate variability on shallow coastal groundwater reserves of north Patagonia, Argentina”, Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 29 (May), 2025, 101427 |
Abstract: In this study, a statistical correlation analysis, integrating climatic indices and numerically calculated hydrological datasets, was used to assess the impact of climate patterns and meteorological variability (identified by ONI and SPEI, respectively) on a coastal aquifer in a semi-arid area of Patagonia. To estimate aquifer groundwater levels and flows changes over the 56 years period (1967–2022) under analysis, a 3D numerical flow model was implemented, calibrated against observed piezometric heads and validated using remote sensing data from the GRACE mission. Results highlighted the role of meteoric recharge and evapotranspiration in shaping the water budget, highly affecting the piezometric fluctuation over the simulation. The statistical correlation showed a weak positive association between GW levels and both ONI and SPEI, indicating that climate and meteorological variability are exerting a slight but noticeable influence on groundwater dynamics. Moreover, an increasing seawater inflow from the ocean and tidal channels was observed due to decreasing meteoric recharge and this climate change-driven shift in water exchange dynamics could potentially increase salinization risk in the low-lying areas of this coastal aquifer. The developed methodology could help a proper water resource management in a coastal region where groundwater is the only source of supply for residents, providing useful information for studying groundwater resources in other coastal areas of Patagonia and the world that face similar water problems. |
M. Gaiolini, A. Ofori, M. Postacchini, M. Mastrocicco, N. Colombani, “Model based quantification of salinization dynamics under changing hydrological conditions in the Volturno River (Italy) coastal aquifer”, Journal of Hydrology, 660 (April), 2025, 133395 |
Abstract: In this study, a statistical correlation analysis, integrating climatic indices and numerically calculated hydrological datasets, was used to assess the impact of climate patterns and meteorological variability (identified by ONI and SPEI, respectively) on a coastal aquifer in a semi-arid area of Patagonia. To estimate aquifer groundwater levels and flows changes over the 56 years period (1967–2022) under analysis, a 3D numerical flow model was implemented, calibrated against observed piezometric heads and validated using remote sensing data from the GRACE mission. Results highlighted the role of meteoric recharge and evapotranspiration in shaping the water budget, highly affecting the piezometric fluctuation over the simulation. The statistical correlation showed a weak positive association between GW levels and both ONI and SPEI, indicating that climate and meteorological variability are exerting a slight but noticeable influence on groundwater dynamics. Moreover, an increasing seawater inflow from the ocean and tidal channels was observed due to decreasing meteoric recharge and this climate change-driven shift in water exchange dynamics could potentially increase salinization risk in the low-lying areas of this coastal aquifer. The developed methodology could help a proper water resource management in a coastal region where groundwater is the only source of supply for residents, providing useful information for studying groundwater resources in other coastal areas of Patagonia and the world that face similar water problems. |
Chemeri, L., Taussi, M., Fronzi, D., Cabassi, J., Mazzoli, S., Tazioli, A., Renzulli, A. & Vaselli, O. (2025). Groundwater hydrogeochemical changes predating and following the November 9, 2022 Mw 5.5 Adriatic offshore earthquake (central Italy). Journal of Hydrology, 132792. |
Abstract: We report the results from a pre- and post-seismic water monitoring carried out in the Mt. Conero area (central Italy) to evaluate the earthquake-related variations on the water hydrogeochemistry related to the November 9, 2022 Adriatic offshore seismic sequence. This latter was characterized by two main events of Mw 5.5 and 5.2. The monitoring network included two wells and one piezometer located at ∼50 km from the earthquake epicentre. The wells did not show relevant changes. Contrarily, the piezometer showed an overwhelming variation in its composition and Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) since four months before the mainshock, shifting from a low-salinity (TDS < 1000 mg/L) calcium-bicarbonate facies to a high-salinity (TDS > 3500 mg/L) sodium-chloride composition. Then, composition and TDS were restored about a week after the events. These changes were accompanied by strong increases in trace elements concentrations (e.g., B, Mn), which returned to the pre-seismic values in the days following the mainshock. The strong hydrogeochemical variations recorded at the piezometer were likely related with two different seismically-induced processes linked to a mixing between shallow Ca-HCO3 and deep Na-Cl waters, and the bedrock’s fracture unclogging. These variations are, to the best of our knowledge, among the largest ever observed before a seismic event or, at least, ever reported in the literature. These results prove hydrogeochemical monitoring for seismic surveillance can be highly effective. Besides, our work represents a further step in the development of a methodology that could potentially track geochemical changes ahead of larger, potentially dangerous earthquakes. |
Chemeri, L., Taussi, M., Cabassi, J., Venturi, S., Huertas, A. D., Granados, A., Agostini, S., Fronzi, D., Renzulli, A. & Vaselli, O. (2025). Water-rock interaction processes and hydrogeological pathways in seismically active areas as revealed by a multi-isotopic (C, S, O, H, B, Sr) approach. Journal of Hydrology, 133533. |
Abstract: Waters circulating in the seismically active (up to 6.4 Mw) Pesaro-Urbino province (central Italy) were investigated to understand water–rock interaction processes and groundwater circulation patterns through a multi-isotopic approach. The investigated waters showed different geochemical facies: Ca-HCO3, Ca-SO4, Ca-HCO3-SO4, and Na-HCO3. Water geochemistry and isotopic composition suggest that Ca-HCO3 waters are related to the dissolution of carbonate-rich rocks and, subordinately, Al-silicate minerals and are generally characterized by shallow or fast hydrogeological circuits. In contrast, Ca-SO4, Ca-HCO3-SO4, and Na-HCO3 waters relate to longer water–rock interaction and/or deeper circulation patterns within the aquifers. All the waters show biogenically derived δ13C-TIDC values and δ2H- and δ18O-H2O signatures indicative of meteoric origin. The combination of δ34S-SO4 and 87Sr/86Sr values suggest that the Ca-HCO3-SO4 and Ca-SO4 waters interact with the evaporitic anhydrite-rich rocks of the Triassic Burano formation that constitute the regional basal aquiclude, making these waters interesting to be monitored for seismic tracers, being likely able to carry possible deep seismic signals (e.g., deep-sourced gases inflow, enhanced metals mobility), similarly to what found in comparable geological contexts. Contrarily, Na-HCO3 waters show 87Sr/86Sr ratios and δ11B values approaching those of the siliciclastic Marnoso Arenacea Fm, consistent with long-lasting interactions with Na-bearing silicates. Our results suggest that the hydrogeochemical and multi-isotopic approach provided paramount information to detect sites more prone to record possible geochemical variations during the build-up phase of seismic events, making it suitable for application to other seismically active areas. |
Czerwinska, N., Giosuè, C., Generosi, N., Pierpaoli, M., Jbr, R., Luzi, F., … & Ruello, M. L. (2025). Electrospun Fibers from Biobased and Recycled Materials for Indoor Air Quality Enhancement. Molecules, 30(6), 1214. |
Abstract: Air filters are crucial components of building ventilation systems. Compared to conventional air filter media like glass fibers and melt-blown fibers, electrospinning membranes are more efficient for capturing various pollutants due to the smaller pores present on the structure. In this paper, activated carbon filters were prepared with eco-friendly polylactic acid (PLA) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) using electrospinning to obtain a high-quality factor (QF) fibrous mat for aerosol particle matter (PM) filtration and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) adsorption. Several configurations of the final membranes were investigated and tested for fiber morphology and air filtration performance. Filtering efficiency and adsorption properties were evaluated in a real-scale room by measuring the particle penetration of the newly synthesized and commercial filters against neutralized aerosol particles (3% NaCl aqueous solution) and VOCs (methyl ethyl ketone). The calculated depolluting efficiencies were up to 98% in terms of PM and 55% for VOCs abatement, respectively. Our results indicate that the proposed hybrid membranes represent promising materials for highly efficient and sustainable air filters for home application systems. |
Pierpaoli, M., Jakóbczyk, P., Szopińska, M., Ryl, J., Giosué, C., Wróbel, M., … & Bogdanowicz, R. (2025). Optimizing electrochemical removal of perfluorooctanoic acid in landfill leachate using ceramic carbon foam electrodes by coupling CFD simulation and reactor design. Chemosphere, 376, 144282. |
Abstract: Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a persistent and bioaccumulative pollutant classified as a ’forever chemical’, poses a global environmental and health risk due to its widespread use and resistance to degradation. The development of effective and efficient removal technologies is crucial to mitigate its long-term impacts. In this study, we present a novel approach to address the growing concern of emerging contaminants, particularly PFOA, in landfill leachate. We investigate the use of ceramic carbon foam electrodes (CCFE) as a cost-effective and efficient alternative to traditional electrode materials for the electrochemical degradation of PFOA. Computed microtomography was used to reconstruct the actual three-dimensional geometries of the samples from which porosities were calculated. We also coupled computational fluid dynamics simulations of the actual geometries and optimized the working conditions to minimize pressure drop and improve treatment efficiency. Our design significantly reduces energy requirements by operating at lower potentials, a critical factor in sustainable waste management practices. The optimized CCFE system demonstrated superior performance in the degradation of PFOA in landfill leachate, offering a promising solution for the treatment of emerging contaminants. This study not only provides a viable method for mitigating the environmental impact of PFOA but also sets a precedent for the development of low-energy, high-efficiency treatment technologies for various persistent pollutants. In addition, the proposed solution, as part of closed-loop water systems, will enhance water reuse and recycling, thereby preserving and regenerating natural water bodies. |
Baronins, J., Shishkin, A., Lusis, V., Giosue, C., Goljandin, D., Novakova, I., … & Gavrilovs, P. (2025). Effect of milling activation of dry components on properties of foamed cement mortar in a two-stage manufacturing process. Case Studies in Construction Materials, 22, e04465. |
Abstract: This study investigates the impact of high-energy milling on foamed cement mortar, which is crucial for its lightweight and insulating properties. The research uses a two-rotor disintegrator for milling cement, sand, and microsilica to evaluate the mechanical properties of foamed cement mortar produced with a high-speed homogenizer in a novel two-stage process. Comparisons are made between non-milled, single-milled, and double-milled individual components and mixtures with commercial binders. While energy consumption significantly increases after double-milling, immediate use of single-milled mixtures leads to enhanced compressive strength – _6.53 MPa for Portland-limestone cement and 9.95 MPa for white Portland cement. However, storing these mixtures for three days reduces their strength to 5.20 MPa and 6.63 MPa, respectively, due to reagglomeration. Milling reduced mortar strength, except for white Portland cement, which reached 132 MPa at 56 days. Microstructural analysis reveals finer particles and larger pores in samples made with milled mixtures, highlighting the importance of immediate use for optimal foamed cement mortar quality. |
L. Locatelli, P. Rossi, A. Kumar, C. Wiemer, A. Lamperti, R. Mantovan, G. Raciti, K. Xu, J. S. Reparaz, M. Caironi, Giuseppina Pace, “Unleashing the Impact of Topological Surface States on the Thermoelectric Properties of Granular Sb2Te3 Thin Films Deposited on Flexible Substrates”, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2025) 17 (25), 37206–37215 |
Abstract: Between thermoelectric materials, topological insulators (TIs) such as Sb2Te3 can effectively decouple phonon and electronic transport. Recent works mostly focused on TI composites or superlattices, where the contribution of the topological surface states (TSS) to the thermoelectric properties is overshadowed by other mechanisms such as energy filtering or electronic band reorganization. Here, we investigate efficient thermoelectric Sb2Te3 polycrystalline thin films deposited on plastic foil. Magneto-transport studies show that the presence of TSS in more granular films is responsible for the 2-orders of magnitude higher electronic conductivity compared to thick films owing to larger crystalline domains (> 100 nm). The prevalence of the bulk states in thick films reduces both their thermal and electronic conductivity; however, they are responsible for an increase in the Seebeck coefficient. Overall, we show that to achieve higher thermoelectric performance of single-component TI films, it is necessary to tune the relative contribution of topological and bulk states. This will potentially allow for the development of cost-effective thermoelectric generators, reducing the complexity of competitive systems based on multicomponent heterostructures. |
A. Kumar, F. Giubileo, E. Faella, M. Passacantando, F. K. Kabil, N. Aydemir, A. Y. Oral, A. Di Bartolomeo, “3D porous laser-induced graphene coated sponges for field emission devices and temperature/pressure sensors”, Diamond and Related Materials 157 (August), (2025), 112471 |
Abstract: Recent interest in flexible sensors, fueled by their affordability, wearability, lightweight design, and ease of fabrication, has driven advancements in applications and fundamental understanding. Herein, we explore the synthesis route of the three-dimensional (3D) graphene-coated sponges and investigate their mechanical and electronic transport properties. Tensile and compression tests on the graphene coated sponges demonstrate Young’s modulus of around 0.075 MPa. Electrical measurements with ohmic contacts show DC conductivity as low as 0.5 S/cm. Bonding durability and wettability tests under water immersion and ultrasonic agitation confirmed the strong adhesion and enhanced hydrophobicity of the graphene coating, demonstrating its mechanical and chemical robustness. Temperature measurements reveal a non-monotonic behavior in the sponge’s resistance as the temperature decreases. The resistance exhibits a pronounced peak around 250 K as the temperature drops from 295 K to 200 K, followed by a steady increase from 200 K to 77 K. Field emission measurements show a stable current and a reduction in turn-on voltage as the spacing between the anode and the emitting surface decreases, revealing a low turn-on voltage of about 13 V and a field enhancement factor of 286 at an anode-cathode distance of 300 nm. Experimental data are analyzed using the Fowler-Nordheim model, evidencing a non-monotonic dependence of the field enhancement factor on the cathode-anode separation distance in the range of 100–500 nm. The results show that such a flexible 3D graphene coated sponge can be utilized as a sensitive thermistor, a field emitter, and a pressure sensor. |
R. Zamboni, M. Altin, G. Bragato, L. Lucchetti, C. Sada, A. Zaltron, “All-Optically Driven Optofluidic Light Modulator”, Advanced Optical Materials, 13 (May), 2025, 2403457 |
Abstract: Liquid crystals (LCs) are widely recognized for unique physical and optical properties and remarkable ability to modulate light beams. Traditional methods for actuating LCs by electric fields rely on the use of metallic electrodes, which face limitations in the spatial resolution of LCs actuation and their effective integration into optofluidic devices. In this work, an innovative approach is presented to realize a fully integrated optofluidic light modulator, capable of modifying the optical properties of a light beam propagating through an optical waveguide and coupled with a microfluidic channel. Specifically, the optoelectronic properties of lithium niobate (LN) are leveraged to control the orientation of LCs molecules confined in the microfluidic channel without the need for fixed metallic structures, but solely exploiting light-induced electric fields. It is demonstrated that the light-driven orientation of the LCs can efficiently modulate both the intensity and polarization of the light beam propagating through the waveguide, while the desired amplitude and time-constant of the output optical signal can be achieved by tuning the compositional properties of the LN substrate. The modulation of the guided beam is completely defined and controlled by a pump light source, assuring a high degree of reconfigurability and compatibility of the final optofluidic lab-on-a-chip system. |
Benincasa, P., Dominici, F., Luzi, F., Governatori, C., Pauselli, M., Tosti, G., Sarasini, F., Puglia, D. (May, 2025). Mechanical Performance of Biocomposites Based on Straw Fiber Self-Reinforced Plasticized Flours of Bread Wheat Grown with Different Nitrogen Fertilization Management Strategies. Polymers, 17(10), 1347, 1-17. |
Abstract: Previous research has demonstrated the possibility to produce wheat flour-based thermoplastics, whose tensile properties depend on flour characteristics that are affected by wheat variety and crop nitrogen (N) fertilization management. This work further investigates the reinforcing effect on thermoplastic composites determined by wheat straw obtained from two wheat varieties (Bologna, BL; Bora, BR) grown under four N fertilization treatments differing in rate and application timing as follows: (1) always well N fed (N300: fertilized with 300 kg N ha−1 and split into five applications of 60 kg N ha−1 each across the growing cycle), (2) N fed only very early (N60+0: fertilized only in one early application of 60 kg N ha−1), (3) N fed only very late (0+120: fertilized only in one application of 120 kg N ha−1 at pollination) and (4) never N fed (N0). The finely cut straw was added by 15% (w:w) to the flour of treatment N300 of each corresponding wheat variety to produce thermoplastic bulk samples. We performed the analysis of straw composition, FESEM imaging of straw stems, X-Ray diffraction analysis of flours and straws, thermal analysis of straw, and tensile tests on bulk samples. The results demonstrate that, for both cultivars, the reinforcing effect of the straw was maximum when the straw came from crops grown with low and early N availability (i.e., N0 and N60+0) and minimum when the straw came from crops grown with high and late N availability (i.e., N300 and N0+120). The greater reinforcing effect of straw from N0 and N60+0 was likely due to greater stem compactness, higher cellulose proportion and higher crystalline fractions. The reinforcing effect decreased for all plasticized composites when they were stabilized for 48 h at higher ambient humidity (53% RH vs. 11% RH) before performing the tensile tests. Overall, our results confirm that plant-based materials engineering needs to carefully consider the variability of source material characteristics as affected by crop growing conditions. |
Dominici, F., Imbriano, A., Puglia, D., Pagano, C., Luzi, F., Rafanelli, A., Di Michele, A., Bonacci, F., Ceccarini, M. C., Primavilla, S., Valiani, A., Tensi, L., Pérez Gutierrez, C.L., De Melo Barbosa, R., Viseras, C., Ricci, M., Perioli, L. (March, 2025). Starch-Based scaffold produced by FDM 3D printing technique as Innovative and biosustainable wound dressing. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 210, 114698. |
Abstract: Starch is a safe biopolymer, whose use for the production of scaffolds intended for deep wounds treatment is limited, due to its low mechanical and thermal properties. For this reason, until now, it has been used in low amounts and/or in combination with other biopolymers. The aim of the study was to produce thermoplastic filaments (TPS) with high starch content, useful for scaffolds production by Fusion Deposition Modelling 3D printing technique. TPS was obtained by hot melt extrusion from a mixture of starch (70 % w/w) and glycerol (30 % w/w) combined to cationic clay montmorillonite, citric acid and magnesium stearate to improve strength and processability. The prepared scaffold was characterized and compared to other two scaffolds, where the effect of the addition of polycaprolactone (PCL) or methylsulphonylmethane (MSM) (as thermostable model drug) to the blend was evaluated. The mechanical properties were investigated by Brillouin Light Scattering. In vitro studies highlighted that the scaffolds are: i) able to absorb simulated exudates (reaching a hydration of 35 % in 7 days); ii) safe on keratinocytes (viability > 70 %) stimulating their growth; iii) able to inhibit S. pyogenes growth. |
M. Cupido, E. Mammoliti, R. Teloni, S. Markušić, P. Farabollini, S. Santini. (2025). Integrating litho-stratigraphic and equotip-based analyses to support engineering-geological modelling for site response studies., Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 84(6), 1-24. |
Abstract: The 2016 earthquake in Central Italy caused varying degrees of damage across Camerino’s historic centre (Italy). Two medieval masonry buildings, despite their similar construction characteristics and close proximity, exhibited notable differences in damage extent, highlighting the role of seismic amplification in historic urban areas. This study aims to refine site-specific seismic response analyses by developing a detailed engineering-geological model that integrates litho-stratigraphic, geotechnical, and geophysical data. In-situ mechanical analyses with Equotip on outcropping rocks beneath the buildings, combined with borehole and geophysical data, enabled the identification of key lithological and geotechnical contrasts. These findings revealed significant stratigraphic heterogeneity between the two sites. The first exhibited alternating layers of varying stiffness and velocity, while the second presented a more homogeneous stratigraphy, yet weathered in its shallower portion. These differences influenced site amplification, correlating with greater structural damage at the first site and less deterioration at the second. Variations in litho-mechanical properties, including lower Equotip hardness values and distinct seismic velocities in weathered units, contributed to these discrepancies. This research emphasises the importance of integrating detailed stratigraphic reconstructions with seismic analysis to enhance the resilience of historic structures. The developed methodology provides a transferable framework for seismic risk assessment and retrofitting strategies in other heritage sites. By enhancing subsurface analysis, this approach contributes to cultural heritage preservation in seismically active regions. |
Mazzoli, A. Greco, S. Luzi, F. Evangelisti, MC. Gonzalez, AD. Corinaldesi, V. Caragiuli, M. Rallini, M. Puglia, D. Cinti, S. Moretti, P. Torre, L. Ciarmela, P. 3D-Printed Alginate-Based Hydrogels with Appropriate Rheological Properties and Efficient Development of Cell Spheroids. Polymers 2025, 17, 1730. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17131730 |
Abstract: In the last years, considerable innovation has been made regarding bioprinting, particularly in the development of cell-loaded hydrogels. The specific properties of the bioinks are crucial for printing an adequate cell-laden hydrogel structure. In this research, we aimed to develop a 3D-printable hydrogel using a natural biocompatible polymer. The process is based on the use of sodium alginate subjected to calcium ion cross-linking for immediate stiffness after printing. Using the Cellink INKREDIBLE+ printer (Cellink Inc., Goteborg, Sweden), 3D structures were successfully produced. The developed bioink exhibited a viscosity suitable for extrusion printing while ensuring its structural integrity at the same time. Next, 3D spheroids developed by using bioinks were morphologically characterized by using light, a fluorescent microscope, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). In conclusion, the properties of the construct obtained using the lab-formulated biocompatible polymer hydrogel suggest its potential use as a framework for three-dimensional cell culture, with possible applications in both fields of research and regenerative medicine. |
Cherqaoui, A, Copes, F, Paternoster, C, Gélinas, S, Mengucci, P, Blais, C, Mantovani, D, Effect of powder preparation on degradation behavior and cytotoxicity of sintered porous biodegradable FeMnC alloys for biomedical applications, JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 236 (2025) 198 – 214 |
Abstract: Biodegradable implants have emerged in biomedical applications, particularly for orthopedic fixations, cardiovascular stents, and tissue engineering scaffolds. Unlike permanent implants, they are designed to degrade and be reabsorbed after implantation in the body, mitigating the need for additional surgeries and reducing associated complications. In particular, Fe-Mn-C alloys constitute a new class of promising metallic materials for medical applications due to their outstanding mechanical properties and their biological performances. This study focuses on improving the degradation rates and cytotoxicity of sintered Fe-Mn-C alloys produced using the powder metallurgy process. To evaluate the impact of different powder preparation methods on material properties, two types of powders were used: (1) MX, prepared by mixing Fe, Mn, and C powders for 1 h; and (2) MM, obtained by mechanically milling the same powders for 10 h. Four mixtures with varying proportions of MX and MM were prepared. Two groups of samples were produced: one entirely from MX (A0), and another containing MM at 25 wt.% (A25), 50 wt.% (A50), and 75 wt.% (A75). All samples exhibited a complex microstructure comprising ferrite, martensite, and residual austenite. Degradation behavior assessment in Hanks’ solution over 14 days showed that adding MM increased the degradation rate, from around 0.04 mmpy for A0 to 0.12 mmpy for A25. Notably, all samples showed similar cell viability, in the range of 83 %-89 % for 1 % extract dilution, and were non-hemolytic, with a hemolysis percentage below 1 %. |
Gatto, A Zhu, X ; Mengucci, P ; Sabbatini, S ; Gatto, ML ; Cabibbo, M ; Groppo, R ; Defanti, S ; Denti, L, Transition from 2D to 3D production of tantalum nitride by reactive powder bed fusion, INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF REFRACTORY METALS & HARD MATERIALS 128 (2025) 107029 |
Abstract: Tantalum nitride is an indispensable material for various technological applications due to its exceptional mechanical, thermal, electrical and biological properties. In the literature, tantalum nitride has so far mainly been produced in the form of thin coatings, which has limited its use in bulk shapes. This research represents a breakthrough advance in the simultaneous synthesis and consolidation of tantalum nitride and reports the successful fabrication of bulky shapes using laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technology. The process involves the controlled interaction of tantalum powders with nitrogen within the LPBF chamber, resulting in the formation of tantalum nitride. The study demonstrates the feasibility of generating bulky tantalum nitride samples and opens up promising possibilities for practical applications in various industries such as implantology, electronics and solar water splitting. This innovative approach not only expands the application range of tantalum nitride, but also emphasizes the potential of additive manufacturing techniques in advancing materials synthesis and design. |
Maria Laura Gatto, Fabrizio Fiori, Alessandro Tengattini, Lukas Helfen, Marcello Cabibbo, Mattia Utzeri, Michele Furlani, Giorgia Cerqueni, Daniela Lamanna, Monica Mattioli-Belmonte, Paolo Mengucci, Combined X-ray and neutron tomography for simultaneous assessment of in silico mechanical response and in vitro biological behavior of graded scaffolds: a preliminary study, Journal of Science: Advanced Materials and Devices 10 (2025) 100935. |
Abstract: This study presents a pioneering approach combining X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) and Neutron Computed Tomography (NCT) to simultaneously assess the biomechanical and biological behavior of bone scaffolds fabricated by additive manufacturing. XCT was employed to model post-fabrication scaffold geometry, enabling precise finite element (FE) predictions on how each defect type, such as strut densification, lack of fusion and porosity, impacts the overall mechanical performance of the scaffold. Defect-inclusive models were successfully validated against experimental data. NCT was instead concomitantly used to assess short-term changes in the behavior of MG-63 human osteoblast-like cells under different culture conditions. Quantitative analysis of NCT scans of our samples showed that neutrons, thanks to their sensitivity to organic material, are able to discriminate between different compositions of the organic material itself. This research not only provides a comprehensive framework for preclinical characterization of scaffolds, but also paves the way for more efficient evaluation of implantable devices, ultimately reducing the reliance on animal models in biomaterials research. |
Andrea Gatto, Emanuele Tognoli, Riccardo Groppo, Marcello Cabibbo, Maria Laura Gatto, Simona Sabbatini, Paolo Mengucci, Reactive formation of C3N4 as a by-product of AISI 1070 parts produced by laser powder bed fusion in N2 atmosphere, Progress in Additive Manufacturing (2025) 10:2805–2815 |
Abstract: In metal additive manufacturing (AM), inert gases are traditionally used to achieve a controlled atmosphere and mitigate the effects of residual reactive gases. However, the interaction between gases and laser processes, particularly in reactive laser powder bed fusion (RL-PBF) technology, offers the possibility of opening up new avenues for material synthesis. In this experimental work, the authors observed the presence of C3N4 in the residual powder during the manufacture of AISI 1070 steel parts by L-PBF, indicating a reactive process occurred during parts production. This investigation revealed the formation in the working chamber of a waste product containing C3N4 carbon nitride, due to the reaction between the carbon released from the steel and the nitrogen in the chamber. Remarkably, despite carbon depletion, the final product of AISI 1070 steel complies with the specifications of use. Hence, the L-PBF machine was modified to allow black powder sampling from various locations in the chamber. Authors attempted to enhance the production of the C3N4 material by increasing the SED up to 7143 J/mm2 to sublimate a pure graphite rod and concurrently manufacture parts in AISI 1070, in a nitrogen atmosphere. The results obtained at higher SED values showed that in both cases (graphite rod or AISI 1070 steel) a C3N4 compound in the black powder is formed in the investigated atmosphere by reaction of nitrogen atoms with the carbon atoms vaporized by the laser beam. Thus, the study highlights the novel achievement of synthesizing carbon nitride as a high-value by-product while producing functional AISI 1070 steel parts via L-PBF through reaction with nitrogen atmosphere. |
Rizzo, G., Mandolesi, S., Naspetti, S., Schifani, G., Testa, R., Vella, F., Zanoli, R. and Migliore, G. (2025), “Scoring NutriScore: Italian consumer perspectives and policy implications in nutritional labelling”, British Food Journal, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-12-2024-1278 |
Abstract: Purpose: This study aims to understand consumers’ subjective perceptions of the adoption of the NutriScore label on food packaging. In particular, the study focuses on the overall acceptance of the NutriScore label in Italy, with the aim of emphasising the importance of understanding consumer perspectives in order to encourage healthier food choices. Design/methodology/approach: Q methodology was used to explore individuals’ subjectivity and attitudes towards the adoption of the NutriScore label. Findings: Three distinct viewpoints emerged as follows: (1) “the enthusiasts” view, which endorses the NutriScore use for its role in encouraging healthier choices; (2) “the technicians” view, which criticises its extreme simplicity, advocating for a broader nutritional education, and (3) “the sceptics” view, which distrusts its use, fearing misinformation and economic exploitation. Originality/value: This study is the first aimed at understanding consumers’ subjective viewpoints about adopting the NutriScore front-of-pack label. Engaging consumers in the development of nutritional labelling strategies proves pivotal, shaping effective and consumer-oriented interventions, but also provides valuable insights for policymakers responsible for overseeing regulations pertaining to food product labelling. |
S. Caimmi, L. Paolo Ingrassia, E. Canavesi, N. Gasbarro, S. Sabbatini, G. Ferrotti, F. Canestrari, “Investigation of polymer-modified bitumen containing renewable components”, Road Materials And Pavement Design, 26 (March), 2025, 20-38 |
Abstract: Researchers are exploring the possibility of replacing bitumen with renewable biomass materials to reduce the dependency on crude oil. However, to date, only marginal research has been devoted to using renewable materials to modify or partially replace polymer-modified bitumen, which is currently widely used for pavements subjected to significant heavy traffic. In this context, this study compared an SBS polymer-modified bitumen (‘PMB’) with two bio-binders consisting of PMB and components from renewable sources, including dry lignin. The binders were investigated in terms of storage stability, linear viscoelastic behaviour, fatigue performance, permanent deformation resistance, adhesion with typical aggregates and ageing susceptibility by means of physical, mechanical and chemical tests. The results show that all performance and durability properties of the studied biobinders can be considered comparable to those of the reference PMB. These outcomes encourage the study of asphalt mixtures produced with the same bio-binders for possible application in heavy-traffic pavements. |
I.Kaczmarzyk, M. Szopińska, P. Sokołowski, S. Sabbatini, G. Strugala, J. Ryl, G. Barucca, P. Falås, R. Bogdanowicz, M. Pierpaoli, “Topologically optimized, mesostructured carbon electrodes for enhanced mass transport and reaction kinetics ”, Nano-Micro Letters, 17:311 (June), 2025, 1-20 |
Abstract: The corrosion resistance of AISI 316L, AISI 904L, Sanicro 28, SAF 2205, SAF 2507 and SAF 2707 was studied in an acid mixture containing tartaric acid saturated solution, H2SO4 and HCl, as a function of temperature (22–60 °C) and alloys composition. The stainless steels were examined through anodic polarization curves; an analytical method is proposed to obtain the characteristic parameters from these curves. The results indicate that Cr and Mo play the most important role on the active-passive transition of the tested alloys. AISI 904L, Sanicro 28 and SAF 2707 showed the best anodic characteristics among the examined stainless steels. |
S. Summa, E. Tomassoni, F. Marchione, C. Di Perna, F. Stazi, “ Sustainable façade design: Prototyping and evaluating self-shading and flat modules for thermal performance and environmental impact”, Journal of Building Engineering, Volume 99, 2025, 111619, ISSN 2352-7102, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.111619. |
Abstract: The pursuit of sustainability and the imperative to minimize energy consumption have spurred innovative experiments in architecture, driving the demand for solutions that are efficient in shading building envelopes. For this reason, this study aimed to propose two sustainable prefabricated façade modules, a folded self-shading module and a flat module, and to optimize assembly details, base materials, geometries and finishing coating. A multidisciplinary study has been carried out, focusing on their technological definition, development and structural verification of joints, optimization of panel shapes based on solar path evaluation, experimental measurements of summer thermal performance and comparison of environmental impact (LCA) and economic costs. During the experimental phase, the thermal performance of eight different modules was evaluated by varying characteristics such as shape, surface finish, and material. Among the solutions explored, two modules notably reduced the surface temperatures of the walls behind them: the flat panel featuring heat-reflective paint and the self-shading panel without paint (or with traditional paint). The LCA analysis and costs/maintenance evaluations identified the flat aluminium module with heat-reflective paint as the optimal solution due to its superior performance in reducing temperatures, minimizing greenhouse gas emissions, and achieving higher durability and cost efficiency. |
C. Giosuè, N. Czerwinska, G. Remia, F. Stazi, C. di Perna, A. Mobili, M.L. Ruello, Q. Maqbool, F. Tittarelli, “Innovative multifunctional finish for the improvement of Indoor Air Quality: Performance at laboratory and pilot scale”, Building and Environment, 273 (April) 2025, 112697. |
Abstract: In this study, the impact of an innovative multifunctional finish on the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) in terms of temperature (T), relative humidity (RH), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) was compared to that of a commercial finish for the same application as reference. The two finishes were applied on the same commercial substrate and tested both at laboratory and pilot scale. At laboratory scale, the water vapour permeability, the moisture buffering capacity and the depolluting activity by adsorption of the innovative finish was 15 %, 100 % and more than 200 % higher than those of the commercial one on the same substrate, respectively. At pilot scale, the innovative finish was more effective than the commercial finish in buffering humidity variations (RH increases 53 % slower compared to the commercial solution), temperature variations (-1.5 °C), and decreasing VOCs concentration (from 14 % up to 63 %, depending to the test conditions). Therefore, the innovative multifunctional indoor finish has proven to be more effective than the commercial one in improving IAQ not only in laboratory but also at pilot scale. |
E. Blasi, A. Mobili, E. Choorackal, F. Tittarelli, D. Garufi, Valorisation of Limestone in Sustainable Cements, Sustainability, 17(6), 2025, 2402. |
Abstract: This study investigates the development of two sustainable cements, CEM II/B-LL and CEM VI, in accordance with the UNI EN 197-1 and 197-5 standards. CEM II/B-LL was produced by replacing Portland cement with limestone (LS) at varying dosages (0%, 15%, 25%, and 35% by mass), and CEM VI was made by substituting blast furnace slag with limestone at different levels (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by mass). The results show that both binders are classified as structural cements. LS substitution increases the setting time of CEM II/B-LL but does not significantly affect the setting time of CEM VI. When cured at low temperatures (10 °C), CEM VI mortars retain their mechanical properties even at high LS levels, making them particularly suitable for cold climates. Mortar properties such as total porosity and capillary water absorption increase with LS content, with CEM VI exhibiting lower sensitivity to LS additions. Free shrinkage in CEM II/B-LL mortars decreases with LS content, whereas in CEM VI mortars, it initially increases with up to 20% LS and then decreases at higher LS levels (30–40%). Restrained shrinkage is also lower in CEM VI than in CEM II/B-LL. The Global Warming Potential (GWP) of CEM II/B-LL decreases significantly with increased LS content, whereas in CEM VI, it remains almost constant up to a 40% substitution. However, CEM VI demonstrates a 50% lower environmental impact compared to CEM II/B-LL, underscoring its superior sustainability. |
E. Blasi, C. Di Bella,, E. Choorackal,, Q. Maqbool,, F. Tittarelli, D. Garufi, T. Schmidt, “Use of low-grade kaolinite clays in the production of limestone calcined clay cement”, Journal of Sustainable Cement based Materials, 14(1), 2025, 209-221. |
Abstract: The suitability of two different low-grade kaolinitic clays and limestone locally available in Switzerland to produce a limestone calcined-clay cement at industrial scale was investigated. Firstly, the clays characteristics related to reactivity were presented. Then, the effect of calcined clays on cement performance was explored according to EN 197-5 and EN 197-1 requirements. Finally, the new cement was produced at industrial scale by using a Swiss cement plant equipped with a Lepol kiln for clay calcination and clinker production and used to manufacture 3 different concretes mixes for 3 different environmental exposure classes (EN 206). The concrete mixes were tested for mechanical and durability performance. The results show that the two calcined low-grade clays are suitable to produce a limestone calcined-clay cement classified as CEM II/C-M (Q-LL). Moreover, all the 3 concretes manufactured with the new cement meet the minimum mechanical and durability standard requirements of the corresponding exposure classes. |